Crocodilian Skin Diseases & Quality Implications

Understanding  crocodilian skin and tanning

Lott, M.J., Moore, R.L., Milic, N.L., Power, M., Shilton, C.M., Isberg, S.R. (2018) Dermatological conditions of farmed Crocodilians: A review of pathogenic agents and their proposed impact on skin quality. Veterinary Microbiology 225: 89-100.

Isberg S.R., Gibb K.S., Chiri E., Kaestli M., Moran J.L., De Araujo R., Elliott N., Christian K.A., Melville L., Milic N.L. (2019) 'Possible chinks in the crocodile armour: defining skin microflora'. AgriFutures, Canberra. 40 pages.

Isberg, S.R. (2008) Crocodile Bites: A novel area of research potential?Wound repair and regeneration 16(4): A64.

West Nile virus

Kurucz, N., McMahon,J.L., Warchot, A., Hewitson, G., Barcelon, J., Moore, F., Moran, J., Harrison,J.J., Colmant, A.M.G., Staunton, K.M., Ritchie, S.A., Townsend, M., MeyerSeiger, D., Hall, R.A., Isberg, S.R, Hall-Mendelin, S. (2022) Nucleic acid preservation card surveillance is effective for monitoring arbovirus transmission on crocodile farms and provides a One Health benefit to Northern Australia. Viruses. 14, 1342

Habarugira, G., Moran, J., Colmant, A.M.G., Davis, S.S., O’Brien, C., Hall-Mendelin, S., McMahon, J., Hewitson, G., Nair, N., Barcelon, J., Suen, W.W., Melville, L., Hobson-Peters, J., Hall, R.A., Isberg, S.R., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H. (2020) Mosquito-independent transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) in farmed saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Viruses 12: 198.

Isberg, S.R., Moran, J.L., De Araujo, R., Elliott, N., Davis, S.S., Melville, L. (2019) First evidence of Kunjin strain of West Nile virus associated with saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) skin lesions. Australian Veterinary Journal 97(10): 390-393.

Crocodile Poxvirus

Sarker, S., Isberg, S.R., Moran, J.L., De Araujo, R., Elliott, N., Melville, L., Beddoe, T., Helbig, K.J. (2019) Crocodilepox virus evolutionary genomics supports observed poxvirus infection dynamics on saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Viruses 11, 1116, doi:10.3390/v11121116.

Sarker, S., Isberg, S.R., Milic, N.L., Lock, P., Helbig, K.J. (2018) Molecular characterization of the first saltwater crocodilepox virus genome sequences from the world’s largest living member of the Crocodylia. Scientific Reports 8: 5623.

Moore, R.L., Isberg, S.R., Shilton, C.M., Milic, N.L. (2017) Impact of poxvirus lesions on saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) skins. Veterinary Microbiology 211:29-35.

Nematodes

Lott, M.J., Hose, G.C., Isberg, S.R., Power, M.L. (2015) Genetics and infection dynamics of Paratrichosoma sp in farmed saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Parasitology Research 114(2): 727-735, doi:10.1007/s00436-014-4240-y.

Genomics & Immunogenetics

Genome sequencing

Ghosh, A., Johnson, M.G., Osmanski, A.B., Louha, S. Bayona-Vásquez, N.J., Glenn, T.C., Gongora, J., Green, R.E., Isberg, S., Stevens, R.D., Ray D.A. (2020) A high-quality reference genome assembly of the saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, reveals patterns of selection in Crocodylidae. Genome Biology and Evolution 12(1): 3635-3646.

Ghosh, A. Platt, R.N., Vandewege, M.W., Tabassum, R., Hsu, C-Y, Isberg, S.R., Peterson, D.G., Finger, J.W., Kieran, T.J., Glenn, T.C., Gongora, J., Ray D.A. (2020) Identification and characterization of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their transposable element origins in the saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus.Analytical Biochemistry 113781, doi:10.1016/j.ab.2020.113781.

Green, R.E., Braun, E.L., Armstrong, J., Earl, D., Nguyen, N., Hickey, G., Vandewege, M.W., St John, J.A., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Castoe, T.A., Kern, C., Fujita, M.K., Opazo, J.C., Jurka, J., Kojima, K.K., Caballero, J., Hubley, R.M.,  Smit, A.F., Platt, R.N., Lavoie, C.A., Ramakodi, M.P., Finger, Jr. J.W.,  Suh, A., Isberg, S.R., Miles, L., Chong, A.Y., Jaratlerdsiri, W., Gongora, J., Moran, C., Iriarte, A., McCormack, J., Burgess, S.C., Edwards, S.V., Lyons, E., Williams, C., Breen, M., Howard, J.T., Gresham, C.R., Peterson, D.G., Schmitz, J., Pollock, D.D., Haussler, D., Triplett, E.W., Zhang, G., Irie, N., Jarvis, E.D., Brochu, C.A., Schmidt, C.J., McCarthy, F.M., Faircloth, B.C., Hoffmann, F.G., Glenn, T.C., Gabaldón, T., Paten, B., Ray, D.A. (2014). Three crocodilian genomes reveal ancestral patterns of evolution among archosaurs.Science 346: 1254449.

St John, J.A., Braun, E.L., Isberg, S.R., Miles, L.G., Chong, A.Y., Gongora, J., Dalzell, P., Moran, C., Bedhom, B., Abzhanov, A., Burgess, S.C., Cooksey, A.M., Castoe, T.A., Crawford, N.G., Densmore, L.D., Drew, J.C., Edwards, S.V., Faircloth, B.C., Fujita, M.K., Greenwold, M.J., Hoffmann, F.G., Howard, J.M., Iguchi, T., Janes, D.E., Khan, S.Y., Kohno, S., de Koning, A.J., Lance, S.L., McCarthy, F.M., McCormack, J.E., Merchant, M.E., Peterson, D.G., Pollock, D.D., Pourmand, N., Raney, B.J., Roessler K.A., Sanford, J.R., Sawyer, R.H., Schmidt, C.J., Triplett, E.W., Tuberville, T.D., Venegas-Anaya, M., Howard, J.T., Jarvis, E.D., Guillette, L.J-Jr., Glenn, T.C., Green, R.E., Ray, D.A. (2012). Sequencing three crocodilian genomes to illuminate the evolution of archosaurs and amniotes.Genome Biology. 13:415.

Dalzell, P., Miles, L.G., Isberg, S.R., Glenn, T.C., King, C., Murtagh, V., Moran, C. (2010) Standardised reference ideogram for physical mapping in the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Cytogenetics and Genomics 127:204-212.

Miles, L.G., Isberg, S.R., Glenn, T.C., Lance, S.L., Dalzell, P., Thomson, P.C., Moran, C. (2009) A genetic linkage map for the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). BMC Genomics 10:339.

Isberg, S., Johnston, S., Chen, Y., Barker, S., Moran, C. (2006) First evidence of higher female recombination in a species with temperature-dependant sex determination: the saltwater crocodile. Journal of Heredity 97(6): 599-602.

Endogenous retroviruses

Chong, A.Y., Korma, K.K., Jurka, J., Ray, D.A., Smit, A.F.A., Isberg, S.R., Gongora, J. (2014) Evolution and gene capture in ancient endogenous retroviruses – insights from the crocodilian genomes. Retrovirology 11:71.

Chong, A.Y., Atkinson, S.J., Isberg, S., Gongora, J. (2012) Strong purifying selection in endogenous retroviruses in the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory of Australia. Mobile DNA 3:20.

Immunogenetics

Milic, N.L., Davis, S., Carr, J.M., Isberg, S., Beard, M.R., Helbig, K.J. (2015) Sequence analysis and characterization of virally induced viperin in the saltwater crocodile. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 51: 108-115.

Jaratlerdsiri, W., Deakin, J., Godinez, R.M., Shan, X., Peterson, D.G., Marthey, S., Lyons, E., McCarthy, F.M., Isberg, S.R., Higgins, D.P., Chong, A.Y., St John, J., Glenn, T.C., Ray, D.A., Gongora, J. (2014) Comparative genome analyses reveal distinct structure in the saltwater crocodile MHC. PloS ONE 9(12):e114631.

Jaratlerdsiri, W., Isberg, S.R., Higgins, D.P., Ho, S.Y.W., Salomonsen, J., Skjodt, K., Miles, L.G., Gongora, J. (2014). Evolution of MHC class I in the Order Crocodylia. Immunogenetics 66: 53-65.

Jaratlerdsiri, W., Isberg, S., Higgins, D., Miles, L., Gongora, J. (2014). Selection and Trans-Species Polymorphism of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Genes in the Order Crocodylia. PLOS ONE 9(2), 1-13.

Jaratlerdsiri, W., Isberg, S., Higgins, D., Gongora, J. (2012). MHC class I of saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus): polymorphism and balancing selection.Immunogenetics 64: 825-838.

Jaratlerdsiri, W., Rodriguez-Zarate, C.J., Isberg, S.R., Damayanti, C.S., Miles, L.G., Chansue, N., Moran, C., Melville, L., Gongora, J. (2009) Distribution of endogenous retroviruses in crocodilians. Journal of Virology 83: 10305-10308, doi10.1128/JVI.00668-09.

IUCN Red List, Population Studies & Tools

Isberg, S.R. (2022) How many fathers? Study design implications when inferring multiple paternity in crocodilians. Ecology and Evolution, 12: e9379.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, C., Brien, M.L., Balaguera-Reina, S.A., Isberg, S. (2020) Crocodylus porosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T5668A3047556.

Isberg, S.R. (2020) Crocodilians are promiscuous but not to the benefit of heterozygosity. In: Conservation genetics of the New World’s crocodilians. Zucoloto, R.B., Amavet, P.S., Verdade, L.M. and Farias, I.P. (eds). Springer Nature, Switzerland, Pp 153-170. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-56383-7_6.

Isberg, S., Combrink, X., Lippai, C., Balaguera-Reina, S.A. (2019) Crocodylus niloticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T45433088A3010181

Isberg, S., Balaguera-Reina, S.A., Ross, J.P. (2017) Crocodylus johnstoni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T46589A3010118.

Luck, N., Thomas, K., Morin-Adeline, V., Barwick, S., Chong, A., Carpenter, E., Wan, L., Willet, C., Langford-Salisbury, S., Abdelsayd, M., Ang, R.A., Atkinson, S.J., Barcelo, F.G., Booth, M.B., Bradbury, E.J., Branighan, T.L., Brown, J., Castillo, L.E., Chandler, N.D., Chong, J.Y., Collits, K.J., Cook, E., Cruz, R.E., Farrugia, C.A., Fletcher, J.L., Fletcher, S., Gamaliel, N.S., Gurr, J.F., Hallett, N.J., Hargreaves, G., Harris, T., Hollings, S., Hopcroft, R.L., Johinke, D., Kern, P.L., Kiddell, J.L., Kilby, K.E., Kragic, B., Kwan, J.H., Lee, J.I., Liang, J.M., Lillie, M.C., Lui, B.C., Luk, S.W., Lun, K.H., Marshall, K.L., Marzec, J.A., Masters, K.T., Mazurkijevic, L.J., Medlock, J., Meoli, C., Morris, K.M., Noh, Y.H., Okazaki, H., Orourke, T.J., Payne, E.M., Powell, D.J., Quinlivan, A.R., Reeves, T.J., Robson, K.L., Royle, L.J., Stevenson, R., Sellens, T., Sun, Z., Sutton, A.L., Swan, A., Tang, J.M., Tinker, J.E., Tomlinson, S.C., Wilkin, T., Wright, A.L., Xiao, S.T., Yang, J., Yee, C., Jaratlerdsiri, W., Isberg, S., Miles, L., Higgins, D., Lane, A., Gongora, J. (2012) Mitochondrial DNA analyses of the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from the Northern Territory of Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 60, 18-25.

Miles, L.G., Isberg, S.R., Moran, C., Hagan, C., Glenn, T.C. (2009) 253 novel polymorphic microsatellites for the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Conservation genetics 10: 963-80.

Miles, L.G., Lance, S.L., Isberg, S.R., Moran, C., Glenn, T.C. (2009) Cross-species amplification of microsatellites in crocodilians: assessment and applications for the future. Conservation genetics 10: 935-54.

Red List assessments facilitated as IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group Red List Authority

Rainwater, T.R., Platt,S.G., Charruau, P., Balaguera-Reina, S.A., Sigler, L., Cedeño-Vázquez, J.R.& Thorbjarnarson, J.B. (2021) Crocodylus acutus. The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species 2021: e.T5659A168712617.

McMahan, W.,Targarona, R., Soberon, R., Alonso Tabet, M. (2022) Crocodylus rhombifer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T5670A130856048.